.article-illustration[data-astro-cid-w3gj7fcp]{margin-block:var(--space-4) 0}.article-illustration__img[data-astro-cid-w3gj7fcp]{border-radius:.75rem;width:100%;height:auto;display:block}.article-illustration__caption[data-astro-cid-w3gj7fcp]{margin-top:var(--space-3);color:color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 60%, transparent);text-align:center;font-size:.8125rem}.read-aloud[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{align-items:center;gap:var(--space-2);padding:var(--space-1);background:0 0;border:1px solid #0000;border-radius:999px;flex-shrink:0;transition:gap .22s,padding .22s,background-color .22s,border-color .22s;display:inline-flex}.read-aloud[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn][data-expanded=true]{gap:var(--space-2);padding:var(--space-1) var(--space-2);border-color:var(--color-rule);background:var(--color-surface-muted)}.read-aloud__toggle[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{border:1px solid var(--color-rule);background:var(--color-surface);width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;color:var(--color-ink);cursor:pointer;border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:0;font-size:.7rem;line-height:1;transition:border-color .15s,background-color .15s,color .15s;display:inline-flex}.read-aloud__secondary[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{align-items:center;gap:var(--space-2);opacity:1;max-width:12rem;transition:max-width .26s,opacity .2s,margin-left .26s;display:inline-flex;overflow:hidden}.read-aloud[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn][data-expanded=false] .read-aloud__secondary[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{max-width:0;margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--space-2));opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.read-aloud__stop[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem;color:var(--color-muted);cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:none;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:0;font-size:.65rem;line-height:1;display:inline-flex}.read-aloud__toggle[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:hover{border-color:var(--color-accent);color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.read-aloud__toggle[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:focus-visible,.read-aloud__stop[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--color-accent);outline-offset:2px}.read-aloud__stop[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:hover{color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.read-aloud__stop[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:.4}.read-aloud__locate[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem;color:var(--color-muted);cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:none;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:0;font-size:.8rem;line-height:1;display:inline-flex}.read-aloud__locate[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn][hidden]{display:none}.read-aloud__locate[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:hover{color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.read-aloud__locate[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--color-accent);outline-offset:2px}.read-aloud[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn][data-state=playing] .read-aloud__toggle[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn],.read-aloud[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn][data-state=paused] .read-aloud__toggle[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{border-color:var(--color-accent);background:var(--color-accent-soft);color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.read-aloud__speed[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{color:var(--color-muted);font:500 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-sans);cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:none;flex-shrink:0;padding:.1em .2em}.read-aloud__speed[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]:hover{color:var(--color-accent-strong)}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.read-aloud[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn],.read-aloud__secondary[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn],.read-aloud__toggle[data-astro-cid-jkosqkxn]{transition:none}}.references[data-astro-cid-vqvkuowd]{padding-block:var(--space-10);border-top:1px solid var(--color-rule)}h2[data-astro-cid-vqvkuowd]{margin-bottom:var(--space-5);font-size:var(--text-heading-sm)}ol[data-astro-cid-vqvkuowd]{margin:0;padding-inline-start:1.25rem}li[data-astro-cid-vqvkuowd]{padding-block:var(--space-3)}a[data-astro-cid-vqvkuowd]{color:var(--color-ink);font-family:var(--font-serif);font-size:var(--text-body);line-height:1.45}span[data-astro-cid-vqvkuowd]{margin-top:var(--space-1);color:var(--color-muted);font-size:var(--text-meta);display:block}.sticky-toolbar[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{z-index:20;border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-rule);background:var(--color-canvas);visibility:hidden;height:3.125rem;transition:transform .22s,visibility 0s linear .22s;position:fixed;inset-block-start:0;inset-inline:0;transform:translateY(-100%)}.sticky-toolbar[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr][data-visible=true]{visibility:visible;transition:transform .22s,visibility linear;transform:translateY(0)}.sticky-toolbar__inner[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:var(--space-4);height:100%;display:flex}.sticky-toolbar__nav[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{align-items:center;gap:var(--space-2);flex:auto;min-width:0;display:flex}.sticky-toolbar__arrow[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{width:2rem;height:2rem;color:var(--color-muted);border-radius:var(--radius-small);justify-content:center;align-items:center;font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex}.sticky-toolbar__arrow[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:hover{color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.sticky-toolbar__arrow--disabled[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{color:var(--color-rule);pointer-events:none}.sticky-toolbar__lesson[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{all:unset;cursor:pointer;padding-inline:var(--space-1);min-height:2rem;color:var(--color-ink);font:600 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-mono);border-radius:var(--radius-small);align-items:center;display:inline-flex}.sticky-toolbar__chapter[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{all:unset;cursor:pointer;min-height:2rem;color:var(--color-muted);font:600 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-mono);border-radius:var(--radius-small);align-items:center;display:inline-flex}.sticky-toolbar__separator[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{background:var(--color-rule);flex-shrink:0;width:1px;height:1rem}.sticky-toolbar__chapter[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:hover,.sticky-toolbar__lesson[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:hover{color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.sticky-toolbar__tts[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{align-items:center;gap:var(--space-2);flex-shrink:0;min-width:0;display:inline-flex}.sticky-toolbar__tts-toggle[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{border:1px solid var(--color-rule);background:var(--color-surface);width:2rem;height:2rem;color:var(--color-ink);cursor:pointer;border-radius:50%;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:0;font-size:.7rem;line-height:1;display:inline-flex}.sticky-toolbar[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr][data-tts-state=playing] .sticky-toolbar__tts-toggle[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr][data-tts-state=paused] .sticky-toolbar__tts-toggle[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{border-color:var(--color-accent);background:var(--color-accent-soft);color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.sticky-toolbar__tts-secondary[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{align-items:center;gap:var(--space-2);opacity:1;max-width:12rem;transition:max-width .22s,opacity .18s,margin-left .22s;display:inline-flex;overflow:hidden}.sticky-toolbar[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr][data-tts-state=idle] .sticky-toolbar__tts-secondary[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{max-width:0;margin-left:calc(-1 * var(--space-2));opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.sticky-toolbar__tts-stop[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar__tts-locate[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;color:var(--color-muted);cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:none;flex-shrink:0;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:0;font-size:.7rem;line-height:1;display:inline-flex}.sticky-toolbar__tts-stop[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:hover,.sticky-toolbar__tts-locate[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:hover{color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.sticky-toolbar__tts-stop[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:.4}.sticky-toolbar__tts-locate[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr][hidden]{display:none}.sticky-toolbar__tts-speed[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{color:var(--color-muted);font:500 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-sans);cursor:pointer;background:0 0;border:none;flex-shrink:0;padding:.1em .2em}.sticky-toolbar__tts-speed[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:hover{color:var(--color-accent-strong)}.sticky-toolbar__arrow[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:focus-visible,.sticky-toolbar__chapter[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:focus-visible,.sticky-toolbar__lesson[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:focus-visible,.sticky-toolbar__tts-toggle[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:focus-visible,.sticky-toolbar__tts-stop[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:focus-visible,.sticky-toolbar__tts-locate[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--color-accent);outline-offset:2px}@media (width>=40rem){.sticky-toolbar[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{height:3.5rem}.sticky-toolbar__nav[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{gap:var(--space-3)}.sticky-toolbar__chapter[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar__lesson[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{font-size:var(--text-small)}}@media (width<=30rem){.sticky-toolbar__inner[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{gap:var(--space-2)}.sticky-toolbar__nav[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar__tts[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar__tts-secondary[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{gap:var(--space-1)}.sticky-toolbar__arrow[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem}.sticky-toolbar__chapter[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar__lesson[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{min-height:1.75rem;padding-inline:0}.sticky-toolbar__separator[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{height:.875rem}.sticky-toolbar__tts-toggle[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem}.sticky-toolbar__tts-stop[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar__tts-locate[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{width:1.5rem;height:1.5rem}.sticky-toolbar__tts-speed[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{width:3rem;padding:0;font-size:.75rem}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.sticky-toolbar[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr],.sticky-toolbar__tts-secondary[data-astro-cid-ammqeghr]{transition:none}}.series-contents[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]{padding-block:var(--space-10);border-top:1px solid var(--color-rule)}h2[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]{margin-bottom:var(--space-5);font-size:var(--text-heading-sm)}ol[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}li[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]{gap:var(--space-4);padding-block:var(--space-3);border-top:1px solid var(--color-rule);grid-template-columns:2.5rem minmax(0,1fr) auto;align-items:baseline;display:grid}li[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]>span[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl],small[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]{color:var(--color-muted);font:var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-mono)}a[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]{font-family:var(--font-serif);font-size:var(--text-body)}a[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl][aria-current=page]{color:var(--color-accent-strong);font-weight:600;text-decoration-thickness:2px}@media (width<=36rem){li[data-astro-cid-vgztfqkl]{gap:var(--space-3);grid-template-columns:2rem minmax(0,1fr) auto}}.series-navigation[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{gap:var(--space-6);padding-block:var(--space-8) var(--space-12);border-top:1px solid var(--color-rule);grid-template-columns:1fr auto 1fr;align-items:center;display:grid}.series-navigation__next[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{text-align:end}a[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{color:var(--color-ink);text-decoration:none}span[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj],strong[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{display:block}span[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj],.series-navigation__all[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{color:var(--color-muted);font:500 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-sans)}strong[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{margin-top:var(--space-2);font-family:var(--font-serif);font-size:var(--text-body);font-weight:600}.series-navigation__all[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{color:var(--color-accent-strong);text-decoration:underline}@media (width<=44rem){.series-navigation[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{grid-template-columns:1fr;align-items:start}.series-navigation__all[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{grid-row:1}.series-navigation__next[data-astro-cid-y77pdgqj]{text-align:start}}.series-position[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{gap:var(--space-2) var(--space-5);margin-bottom:var(--space-6);color:var(--color-muted);font:500 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-sans);text-size-adjust:100%;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;display:flex;position:relative}a[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{color:var(--color-accent-strong);font-weight:600}.nav-picker[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{position:relative}.nav-picker__trigger[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{all:unset;cursor:pointer;color:var(--color-muted);font:500 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-sans);text-underline-offset:2px;border-radius:2px;text-decoration:underline dotted}.nav-picker__trigger[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]:hover,.nav-picker__trigger[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]:focus-visible{color:var(--color-ink);outline:2px solid var(--color-accent-strong);outline-offset:2px;text-decoration:underline}.nav-picker__trigger[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz][aria-expanded=true]{color:var(--color-ink)}.nav-picker__popover[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{top:calc(100% + var(--space-2));z-index:100;background:var(--color-surface,#fff);border:1px solid var(--color-rule);min-width:18rem;max-width:min(22rem,100vw - 2rem);padding:var(--space-3) 0;border-radius:6px;position:absolute;left:0;box-shadow:0 4px 16px #0000001f}.nav-picker__popover--wide[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{min-width:22rem;max-width:min(28rem,100vw - 2rem)}.nav-picker__popover[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz][hidden]{display:none}.nav-picker__heading[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{margin:0 0 var(--space-2);padding:0 var(--space-4) var(--space-2);border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-rule);color:var(--color-muted);font:600 var(--text-meta) / 1.4 var(--font-sans);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.05em}.nav-picker__popover[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz] ul[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}.nav-picker__popover[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz] li[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{margin:0}.nav-picker__item[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{gap:var(--space-3);padding:var(--space-2) var(--space-4);font-family:var(--font-serif);font-size:var(--text-body);color:var(--color-ink);grid-template-columns:2rem 1fr auto;align-items:baseline;text-decoration:none;display:grid}a[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz].nav-picker__item:hover,a[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz].nav-picker__item:focus-visible{background:var(--color-canvas,#f9f9f9);outline:none}a[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz].nav-picker__item:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--color-accent-strong);outline-offset:-2px}.nav-picker__item--current[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{color:var(--color-accent-strong);font-weight:600}.nav-picker__num[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{color:var(--color-muted);font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:var(--text-meta)}.nav-picker__check[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{color:var(--color-accent-strong);font-family:var(--font-sans);font-size:var(--text-meta)}@media (width<=40rem){.nav-picker[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{position:static}.nav-picker__popover[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz],.nav-picker__popover--wide[data-astro-cid-e6rm3wjz]{width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;left:0;right:0}}.explainer[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y]{--layout-reading:76rem;--layout-wide:100rem}.explainer__header[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y]{padding-block:var(--space-12) var(--space-8)}.explainer__header[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y] .page-title,.explainer__header[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y] .lead{max-width:none}.explainer__meta-row[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y]{justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:var(--space-3);margin-top:var(--space-6);flex-wrap:wrap;display:flex}.explainer__header[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y] .meta-line{margin-top:0}@media (width<=40rem){.explainer__header[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y]{padding-block:var(--space-8) var(--space-6)}.explainer__header[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y] .meta-line{gap:var(--space-2)}.explainer__header[data-astro-cid-s6evnd6y] .meta-line li+li:before{margin-inline-end:var(--space-2)}}